How to Choose Solar PV Modules? by WeBright Solar

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How to Choose Solar PV Modules?

In order to select suitable solar modules for your solar pv energy system at good cost, we need to know some categories of solar panels dominated in current market briefly, therefore, it will go to the main technological routes of the photovoltaic cells.

Based on raw materials, PV cells will be divided into Crystalline-silicon cells & thin-film cells. Crystalline-silicon refers to P-type & N-type, while thin film cells are mainly perovskite.

As below, we will try to introduce them in brief way, in hope of helping you to know better about solar cells, thus more about solar pv modules.

Technical road-map of Crystalline Silicon Cells.

PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell)

Currently, it is the mainstream technology of pv solar cell. It increases the photoelectric conversion efficiency by adding a pssivation layer and local contact on the back of the cell.

The mass production efficiency is about 23.5%, approaching the theoretical limit of 24.5%.

In market, there are 545W-555W, 585W-610W, 650W-670W mono solar modules more in production and on sales from 2024 to the first quarter of 2025, among them, including 560W, 605W, 670W, etc, they are mainly supplied by brand factory of TW Solar, LONGI, JA Solar, Jinko, etc.

TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact)

It involves depositing a layer of silicon oxide on the back of an N-type silicon wafer and the depositing a heavily doped poly-crystalline silicon thin film.

At present, the conversion efficiency of TOPCon cells in mass production exceeds 24%, with a theoretical limit of 28.7%.

It has good compatibility with PERC devices and is gradually being adopted by the industry.

In the market, there are 570W-590W, 650W-710W mono solar modules more in production and on sales from 2024 to the first quarter of 2025, among them, including 580W, 585W, 620W, etc, they are mainly supplied by brand factory of Jinko, JA Solar, Trina Solar, Astronergy, etc.

HJT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer)

HJT cells, also known as heterojunction cells, are formed by depositing amorphous silicon on an N-type silicon wafer to form a heterojunction as a passivation layer, which has the advantages of high conversion efficiency and low attenuation.

The production conversion efficiency of HJT batteries reached 24.5%, and the highest conversion efficiency in the laboratory reached 29.5%, which is higher than TOPCon cells.

In the market, there are more bi-facial solar modules more in production and on sales from 2024 to the first quarter of 2025, among them, including 670W, 700W, etc, they are mainly supplied by brand factory of TW Solar,HUASUN, etc.

BC (Back Contact)

BC cell is a general term for back contact structured photovoltaic cells, including IBC, HBC, TBC, HPBC, etc.

The BC battery structure is based on N-type silicon wafers as substrates, with no gate lines on the front side, eliminating the shading loss of gate line electrodes.

The theoretical conversion efficiency of BC battery is 29.1%, slightly higher than TOPCon and slightly lower than HJT.

In the market, there are IBC solar panels 445W from Maxeon, TBC solar panels 410W from SPIC and 650W solar modules from LONGI.

Thin film cell technology road-map

Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite cells are photovoltaic cells that utilize perovskite structured materials as light absorbing materials.

They have high energy conversion efficiency, low cost, and light weight, and are currently in the early stages of industrialization.

The theoretical conversion efficiency of perovskite is 26.1%, and the theoretical efficiency of fully perovskite stacked cells can reach up to 44%.

CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium Selenide) Thin-Film

It has high efficiency. The laboratory efficiency can reach 23.4%, but material scarcity and cost issues affect large-scale applications.

2025 Technology Trends

In 2025, solar modules of TOPCon and HJT will still dominate in the market, and TOPCon expected to capture ~30% of new production by 2025 due to cost parity with PERC.

The HJT adoption will be limited to niche applications (high-efficiency demands).

There will be also chance to see the commercialization of Perovskite solar modules with 15-20% efficiency, targeting building-integrated PV (BIPV).

Also, in 2025, let us hope there will be more advanced manufacturing techniques to emerge due to Al-driven mart manufacturing process, and lead to thinner wafers to reduce cost.

Thus to make the solar panels more affordable. What’s more, there will be higher-efficiency bi-facial modules with 25%-30% yield gain to dominate the utility-scale projects.

To sum up, there is new development for solar modules, no matter for techniques or market, and there will be also other new trends we can expect to change the global marketing of solar panels.

Please be free to contact us if you have any questions or requests for solar modules, we will try best to support you promptly.

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